Metaphor in Hamka’s Biography Novel: A Semiotic Study

This study aimed to describe language symbols having wider meaning, metaphoric meaning, and socio-cultural background of HAMKA’s biography novel. The method used was descriptive qualitative. Findings of this study showed that the language symbols consisted of: ikon, indek, and simbol;  aspect of meaning consisted of conceptual and metaphoric meaning. Metaphoric meaning was reflected in rethorical utterance. Out of 18 rethotical utterances, there were 12 rhetorical utterances which contained klimaks, Antithesis, Apostrof, Seruan, Hiperbola, Litotes, Simile, Metonimi, Ironi, Paradoks, Personifikasi, and Pertanyaan Retoris. Based on analysis, metaphoric and rhetorical meaning showed socio-cultural background of society which tended to reveal personal interpretation and subjective feeling indirectly.


INTRODUCTION
A metaphor is an important characteristic in human's language. It has been used since the beginning of human life's history. People use metaphor in order to give description on something abstract or a new concept which is hard to describe. The best way to describe it would be to relate the events into a concrete and known phenomenon, makes it easier to comprehend by the society. Expand of meanings through metaphor can give new significance affected by personal interpretation and subjective feelings which form a social-cultural pattern. A literature piece has a function to describe various events and psychological pictures occur in the society. The said events depiction in the literature piece is embodied in communicative language to manifest its aesthetic purpose. A Teeuw (1983: 12-15) stated that in order to give color into texts in the literature piece we will need three kind of codes, namely (i) language code, (ii) literature code, and (iii) cultural code. Language code is the whole system or regulating rules in a language; literature code is related to the regulating characteristic specifically exist in a literature piece; and social code is related to the culture, custom, norm working as a background in certain literature piece. Those three have interconnection one another. The connection can be traced back through metaphor study. Aristotele in Danesi (2010: 167) stated that the main fuction of metaphor has stilistik character (puts the language itself in the utmost important position to interprete something); metaphor is a tool to have more prosaic and literal way of communication.
A metaphor study can trace signs of language in literal and abstract way through expansion of new meanings affected by the social and cultural background. In other words, the concept of expansion of meanings is hugely affected by personal interpretation and subjective feelings, this creates a pattern with social-cultural basis.
Based on the above-mentioned, the author of this study has done metaphor study in HAMKA's biography novel written by Haidar Musyafa. The study concerning metaphor in the said novel covers the use of signs in the form of iconicity, indexity and simbolity; and both conceptual and metaphoric meanings with representative characteristic and depicts the social-cultural background of the society in general within the novel's setting. For example, the signs employed in the said novel can be seen in the sentence down below.
(1) In a short time, the news on the fall of that flamboyant proclamator has spreaded to all corners of this country.
On the example shown in the sentence (1) above, the concept of signs in the word flamboyant has metaphoric meaning of "A person who has certain outlook of neat, attractive and adored by many people" conceptually, the flamboyant word means flower.
From the use of icon, index and symbol signs in the flamboyant word, we can say that the iconicity form represents through the similarity of reference; indexity represents through the implicit reference pointing to persona; and symbolic form represents through the social consent.
By studying the metaphor in the said novel, we can understand various of events and psycological depiction in the society within the novel's setting. Hence, this study has the following purpose: 1) Describe the use of signs in the form of icon, index and symbol; 2) Describe the conceptual and metaphoric (abstract) meanings with representative character; 3) Describe the social-cultural setting in the society within the HAMKA's biography novel.
Semiotic or the science of sign (semiology) is a study on the meaning of decision. This includes study on the signs and its process (semiosis), indication, appointment, similarity, analogy metaphor, symbolism, meanings, and communication. Semiotic is closely related to the linguistic field studying the language structure and meanings more specifically. However, different from linguistic, semiotic is also studying on the system of nonlinguistic signs. (https://id. Wikepedia.org/wiki/Semiotika) In the Semiotic theory of Charles Sander Peirce, semiotic is based on logics, since it reviews the process of how people do the reasoning, Peirce considered that people do it through signs.The signs enable us to think, have relationship with other people and give meanings to what the universe shows to us. In this regard, humankind has various signs in their aspect of life. Linguistic signs become one of the most important. In the semiotic theory, the function and usability of a sign can become the center of attention. Signs as communication tool is the most important thing in each condition and can be utilized in various aspect of communication (Danesi, 2010).
The pragmatism in semiotic is referring to the Peirce and its follower who view signs as a representative of something. A sign can be something concrete from what people observe with their senses through some process, this represent some things within human cognition. In this regard, sign is not a structure, it is a cognition process deriving from what we obtain by our five senses. Something concrete and being represented is called representamen (ground) while something within cognition is called object (object) and the process of connection from representamen to the object called as semiosis (Semein).
In forming the means of a sign, semiosis process is equipped with one other process as the continuity, which is called interpretant (interpretation process). This makes things become concrete in human's cognition in life and reality.
Semiotic Theory by Peirce has trichotomy character, since it relates three sides in the semiosis process, which are, something, object, and interpretation. Representamen as an observed object, is functioning as a sign developed with the view that the reality is divided into three universal categories, namely firstness, secondness and thirdness. "The most outsanding part discussed are the ones related to the relation between representamen and the object, namely the icons, index, and symbol" (Masinanbow, 2001). Peirce has identified several different signs, however the ones oftenly used in the semiotic analysis is the second thrichotomy, which are icon, index and symbol.

Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal
Sign of Language. Peirce in Danesi (2010) stated that in life, human is featured with the existence of "sign mix". Human live with daily communication. In the process of the said communication, human is exchanging signs either verbally or non-verbally. Due to those activities, besides exchanging signs, humans are also doing the interpretation of the sign itself. Peirce stated that sign is a representamen and concept of materials, ideas and etcetera referred individually as objects. From several signs able to be identified by Peirce, there are three type of signs oftenly used, they are icon, index and symbol.
Icon is a sign similar to the form of its original object. It is safe to say that icon is a connection between the sign and the object with similar characteristic. The objective of icon is to give a message on the original form of an object. One of the simplest instances that is easily yet unconsciously found is the map.
Icon delivers its function as a signifier with similar form with the original object. As Peirce once said: In the icon, the relationship between sign and object, or signifier and signified, e Peirce's phrase, a 'community in some quality': a similarity or 'fitness' of resemblance proposed by the sign, to be acknowledged by its receiver. Thus a diagram or a painting has an iconic relationship to its subject in so far as it resembles it: it is the signifier to its subject's signified in the iconic mode Icon is a sign representing the source of reference through a form of replication, simulation, imitation, or similarity. An existing sign is made similar to the source of its reference in visual manner. Icon is a sign that entails similarity of form as recognized by its user. The interpretation and creation of icon is affected by the human's perception.
Index delivers the function as a signifier that signified the sign. As Peirce once said: In the index, the relationship is concrete, actual and usually of a sequential, causal kind. The pointing finger is a signifier whose relationship to its signified is indexical in mode. A knock on the door is an index of someone's presence, and the sound of a car's horn is a sign of the car's presence in the same mode. Smoke is an index of fire. A weathercock is an index of the direction of the wind Index is a sign related to the causality matters, or the cause and the effect relationship. In this regard, sign has a connection with its object. It means, the sign is caused by certain message. General example can be seen when we say there is smoke as the sign of fire.
Symbol delibers the function as a signifier of customary use of certain rule in the society by convention. As Peirce once stated as follow. In the symbol the relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary; it requires the active presence of the interpretant to make the signifying connection. And of course, following Saussure, we can say that the major systematic manifestation of signs in this mode occurs in language.
Symbol is a sign related to the signifier and also the sign itself. Something is symbolized through certain sign accepted by the signifier as general reference. For example, the red light means stop, all people know and agree that red light is the sign of stopping.
Metaphor is included as a figure of speech to give implicit comparison. Without comparing words such as like or as between two different matters, metaphor can already show the comparison. For example, source of knowledge, rouch workers among the nations, sweetheart, needle eyes, golden boy (Djajasudarma, 2009: 25). Other scholars argue that figure of speech or figurative speech has long considered as rhetoric strategy used by orator and writer to beautify their words or writings. Traditionally, a metaphor is -88-defined as the use of a word or phrase to confess two similar things, for instance "love and roses". There are lots of figurative speech entailing rhetoric speech namely climax, anticlimax, antithesis, apostrophe, euphemistic, hyperbole, similarity, metonimi, irony, onomatopea, oxymoron, paradox, personification, synekdoke.

RESEARCH METHODS
The research methods can be written as independent sub-chapters if the article becomes the research result. This section should be written as concisely as possible but should contain all elements necessary to allow interpretation and replication of the results. This section is expected to expose sources that have been used. In the meantime, the method also can be included in the introduction section if the article written using literature studies or reflective works.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study is using descriptive-qualitative method. By using the descriptivequalitative method, this study will give systematic, factual, and accurate pictures on the data, character and the relation of the phenomenons studied,according to the natural character of the data itself, Djajasudarma (2012: 16).
The flow of this study can be seen in the chart below.
The analysis technique for the data in this study uses inductive method. The data is studied through direct process and the fact in the field. Such process can be seen in the chart down below. Based on the result of the data analysis the author will state the result of the study on the Metaphor in the HAMKA's Biography Novel as follow.Sign in language used are consisting of icon, index and symbol form. From the aspect of meanings, we found conceptual meanings and metaphoric meanings with abstract characteristic. The metaphoric meaning is stated through rethoric statement. From 18 rethoritc statements we only find there are 12 rethoric statements in the means of climax, antithesis, apostrophe, exclamation, hyperbole, litotes, similarity, metonimi, irony, paradox, personification and rethoric questions.

Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal
From the analysis result of the metaphoric meanings stated through the rethoric statement, we can say that the social-cultural background of the society tends to reveal personal interpretation and subjective feelings indirectly. There are 8 rethoric statmements, namely the antithesis, apostrophe, similarity, metonimi, iroty, paradox, personification and rethoric questions. For further details, we can see in the table down below.    The statements data is analyzed with the basic theory of semiotic and conceptual metaphor. The author of this study finds several signs of iconicity, indexity, and symbolism with conceptual meanings and metaphoric meanings (abstract). The iconicity signs consisting of similarity/imitation, simulation, space and replication. The indexity signs consisting of persona, temporal, and space. The symbolism sign consisting of social, action language and visual. Those signs in language can be seen from the following sample statements: (

Metaphoric Meanings
The next elaboration shows statement data stating the conceptual meanings and metaphoric meanings (abstract) in the form of rethoric statements stated through style of language or figure of speech. From 18 figure of speeches stated, there are only 12 figure of speeches found.

Rethoric Statement in the Climax Statement
Based on the result of the analysis of the rethoric statement stated through the climax figure of speech, we found 4 statements in the data no [19], [39], [55], and [57] .
(1) [19] Syaikh Ibrahim Musa is a very good teacher. His words are very gentle. His attitude is very polite. More than that, he is a teacher who really loves his students. Although he is an honorable ulema, it does not make him proud, feel a need to be boastful, and arrogant. Instead, he always acts humble and wise to anyone.

Rethoric Statement in the Rethoric Question Figure of Speech
Based on the result of the data analysis, the rethorical statement stated with the rethoric question figure of speech is found in 1 statement in data [14] (20) [14] Hajj Rasul directly throw the book onto the floor. "Malik, Malik! Will you be able to become pious person someday, if you are currently prefered reading story books instead of studying about religion?" he said with hopelss tone. (p. 49)

Social-Cultural Background
The social-cultural background which shows the personal interpretation and the subjective feelings delivered directly can be seen in 4 rethoric statements in this regard, which are climax, exclamation, hyperbole, and litotes figure of speech. The social-cultural background which shows the personal interpretation and the subjective feelings delivered indirectly can be seen in 8 rethoric statements which are antithesis, apostrophe, similarity, metonimi, irony, paradox, personification, and rethoric questions

CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis result and the discussion given in the previous chapter, we can conclude several matters below. Sign in language used in the HAMKA's Biography Novel, consisting of form of icon, index, and symbol, From the aspect of meanings, we found conceptual meanings and metaphoric meanings with abstract character. The metaphoric meanings is stated through rethoric statement. From 18 rethoric statements, there are only 12 rethoric statements that have climax, antithesis, apostrophe, exclamation, hyperbole, litotes, similarity, metonimi, irony, paradox, personification, and rethoric questions in meanings, The social-cultural background of the society depicted in the HAMKA's Biography Novel tends to state personal interpretation and subjective feelings indirectly, this can be seen from antithesis, apostrophe, similarity, metonimi, irony, paradox, personification, and rethoric questions in meanings. The research related to the sign in language for each icon, index, and symbol in this study has not discussed in depth yet. For that reason, the next research needs to study the said aspect further. It applies the same for the social-cultural background of the society related to the use of metaphoric language in other society, which needs to be developed further, by researching the use of language in different tribes in Indonesia.