Analyzing the Role of Great Powers in Creating the Durand Line and Its impact on Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations

region have been set in line with the interests of major global actors and have a strong ABSTRACT The existence of countries based on borders is the product of the second half of the nineteenth century, and Afghanistan is the first country to be established on this basis. Afghanistan's current political borders are imposed, largely influenced by the political struggles and rivalries of the British and Tsarist Russia in the 19th century and during the Great Game to prevent a direct confrontation between the two powers in Central Asia. They set up a barrier between themselves and established the country's political borders through several treaties. Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important, because the developments in Afghanistan after the signing of the Durand Line entered a new phase, and with the passage of time and some major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the subcontinent and India's independence, not only failed, but the advent of Pakistan and the conflict of interests between the two neighboring countries has led to the complexity of events which has been on the rise and continues to this day. The present study, using descriptive-analytical methods and citing reliable library sources, seeks to examine the role of major powers such as Britain and Russia in shaping Afghanistan's political borders, especially the Durand Line, and its negative consequences for Afghanistan and its role in creating differences between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The results show that regional and supra-regional powers, especially Britain, played a role in shaping Afghanistan's borders, and Durand's mystery is one of the leftovers of British-Indian colonialism, which has now become a source of discord between Afghanistan and Pakistan and its negative consequences to Afghanistan includes land closures and lack of access to open waters, support and rise of political instability in Afghanistan


Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz
-674-inconsistency with the geographical, cultural and ethnic characteristics of the countries in the region (Jafari Vildani: 2008, Page 163).A clear example of such borders is the borders of Afghanistan, which has been constantly changing due to political and historical changes in different periods (Rahmati: 1985, Page: 16-17) Afghanistan located in the sensitive and strategic region of Central Asia, and due to its sensitive geographical location, which connects Central Asia to South Asia, has always been considered by world powers to achieve their goals in this part of the world.So this strategic position has turned Afghanistan into immence zone during the rivalry between the two empires of Tsarist Russia and Britain in the last two centuries and has always been the arena of the game of these two colonial powers.Since the British presence in the Indian subcontinent, the issue of Afghanistan's southern borders has been one of the main issues for wars and unrest.Afghanistan's current environmental problems are not addressed, the consequences could include severe water scarcity in some areas, which could threaten livelihoods, create environmental refugees, exacerbate adverse humanitarian conditions, and increase regional tensions (Rahmani et al, 2022).Britain, which extended its territory to present-day Pakistan, sought to infiltrate north-central Asia to distance itself from British-occupied India and Russian-occupied Central Asia (Azemi, 2102, Page: 71).Russia, on the other hand, sought to advance southward from its territory in Central Asia with the aim of gaining access to the Indian Ocean through Pashtunistan and Baluchestan (Akbari, 2012, Page: 153).Due to this, Afghanistan has always suffered irreparable damage in the competition of the colonial powers.Meanwhile, the Durand Line and the issue of Pashtunistan are very important, As we know the developments in Afghanistan after the Durand Line entered a new phase with the passage of time and major changes such as Britain's withdrawal from the Indian subcontinent and India's independency, hence with the rise of Pakistan and the conflict of interests between the two neighboring countries, the complexity of events has increased, which continues to this day (Mazlumyar, 2019, Page: 12).

LITERATURE REVIEW
The Durand Line needs to be studied from different angles, it seems ambiguous in various respects, including the role of Russia and Britain in determining the Durand Line.So far, no independent research has been conducted in this field.Table (1) shows the studies conducted in recent years on the borders of Afghanistan, especially the Durand Line.The temptation of borders The results show that Pakistan's western border has never been recognized by Afghanistan as an international border.
Recognition of the Durand Line by Afghanistan will be the result of normalization of relations with Pakistan.In return, Kabul will demand guarantees, including Pakistan's nonpolitical interference, traffic facilities in the corridor to the Indian Ocean Sports of Gwadar or Karachi.

Kakar (2011)
The Durand Line from a legal point of view The findings of the study reveal that the Durand Line document is not a treaty, but it is an agreement, and in the documens of the Durand Line, the term agreement has been used instead of treaty, and there is no evidence which can prove that the Duran Line document is signed by the Emir (King) of Afghanistan.

Andishmand (2007)
The Durand Line, from the beginning to the present The results show that the Durand Line conflict has deprived the Pashtun tribal community across the Durand Line of having a country mentally and subject to civil law.Under this mentality, gun rule prevailed, trafficking, terrorism, and militancy grew, illiteracy persisted, and people became socially backward.Therefore, if the Afghan rulers, instead of arguing over Durand, stabilized the border between the two countries and strengthened the rule of law and created a lawful and modern society, it will prevent bloodshed and backwardness across both side of the Durand Line.

Afghan (2005) A look at the contemporary history of Afghanistan
This study addresses the issue of Pashtunistan at the international level and the claims of Pakistan and Afghanistan regarding the Durand Line at the United Nations, however the representative of Afghanistan stated that if this issue is not resolved, security and peace in Asia will one day be endangered.Pakistani officials, on the other hand, have claimed that Afghan officials are turning their attention from internal problems to border disputes with Pakistan, claiming that with the help of foreign countries they intend to divide Pakistan and even prepare for military strikes and relocation.
Source: Research findings using available sources, 2020

RESEARCH METHODS
This research is based on descriptive-analytical method.In order to achieve the objectives of this study, it used primary data which was collected in a library method with reference to authoritative sources, books, scientific articles, reports, etc.

Research findings Political boundaries of Afghanistan from the past to present
The borders of the powerful state of Ariana (ancient Afghanistan) stretched from east from Gilgit to the Indian Ocean, which covered the entire Indus Basin, from the west, from the eastern corner of the Caspian Sea, and from the west to Balochistan to the Indian Ocean, (Shormaach Noristani: 1971, Page; 2-3).
The northern border of this land was the Aral Sea, which formed the outfall of the Amu River and the sea, and reached the Arabian Sea from the south (Aariz, 2003, Page;19).The Ariana Encyclopedia says about the borders of ancient Afghanistan: "It starts from the east to the Indus River, from the south to Indian Ocean, from north to Syr river and later to the Amu river, and from the southeast to the Caspian Sea and connects to the Indian Ocean.",So that it separated the Parthians from the Medes and Kerman from Persia, (Ariana encyclopedia: 1956, Page; 284).
In the 19th century, with the decline of the Abdali government and the political weakness of Ahmad Shah's successors, and on the other hand, the divisiveness and illintentions of the British, this vast empire gradually disintegrated and many territories were separated from Afghanistan by British and Tsarist Russia.India became distant and as a result became a landlocked country, (Azemi, 2012, Page;233).At present, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan covers an area of 652,225 square kilometers and is located in South Asia, between Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, and China in the northeast.The northern borders of Afghanistan are bordered by the Amu Darya and the total land and water borders of Afghanistan are 5883 km, (Azemi, 2012, Page;30).

The rivalry between Britain and Tsarist Russia in the Great Game is a prelude to consolidating the political boundaries of contemporary Afghanistan
In the early years of the 19th century, Russian forces advanced south and poured through the Caucasus, which at the time was home to violent Muslim and Christian tribes, flowed north to Ran and Afghanistan (Rahimi, 2017, Page; 3).In 1807, news reached London that caused great concern to the British government and company executives.Napoleon Bonaparte, after his brilliant victories in Europe, proposed to Paul's successor, Tsar Alexander I, to invade India jointly and seize it from British rule take out, (Hapkark, 2000, Page 16).
In fact, the British had not paid attention to the strategic terrestrial routes of the enemies' access to India, and had focused more on keeping the waterways open.From then on, Afghanistan's political position emerged as a strategically important country for the British and Russians.At the same time, political delegations were sent to the King of Iran and the Kinglet of Afghanistan, whose territories were inevitably on the way, to warn them of any contact with the enemy.‫ماخذ‬However, the threat of a joint Russian-French invasion of India did not materialize.But after the heavy defeats of Napoleon and their return to Europe, this time a new and serious threat to India came from the Russians, the Russians did not give up and began to advance in the Caucasus.The rapid advance of the Russians into the areas leading to Afghanistan, Calcutta, and London became increasingly worrying.The biggest route of the troops had to be identified for the day the war was fought in this area.Thus, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the caravan route and the settlements of the Old Silk Road fell to the Russians one after another (Rahimi, 2017, Page;4).At the beginning of the 19th century, a distance of about 2,000 miles separated the Russian and British empires in Asia.At the end  The British, government had friendly relations with the kings of Afghanistan and wanted Afghanistan to be recognized as a neutral region with clear political boundaries, it took some time for Russia to agree to this.In fact, when Russia was forced to sign a peace treaty with the Japanese after losing the war on September 5, 1905, we are nearing the end of the great game.The Russians and the British then announced in an agreement in August 1907 their readiness to end the confrontation of the two empires in Asia with the creation of a buffer state, Afghanistan.This remarkable role between Russia and Britain are valuable (Hashimi, 2012, Page;20).
According to the Durand Line, the border guards' indifference passed through the blood and tribal lines of the Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluch, and Pashtun tribes, and as a result, their family, historical, and cultural interests permeated both mountains and He brutally separated the two shores of the Amu River (Muradi, 2011, Page;251).

End of the big game and stabilization of Afghanistan's political borders
The political-military rivalries of the European superpowers, especially Britain and Tsarist Russia, which began in Afghanistan in 1801, had bitter consequences for the country.Among them are the military attacks and aggressions against Afghanistan from the north, west and east, as a result of which the independence and sovereignty of Afghanistan was threatened and many areas of its lands were separated from this country and belonged to foreigners.In the meantime, Afghanistan has suffered three major wars with the British, which has become a landlocked country.Another consequence of the Anglo-Russian political-military rivalry in the region is the determination of most of Afghanistan's political borders in the north, east, south and northwest, which was carried out decisively and unequivocally by these two world powers and over the governments of the time was imposed (Miss Thoms; 2000, Page: 55).
The main mobility for the demarcation of Afghanistan's borders for the British was to prevent the expansion of the Russian military influence to the south and the formation of a buffer zone (Farhang: 1992, Page 330).The British also played a major role in establishing the Durand Line, they compeled Amir Abdul Rahman Khan to send a British-Indian delegation.Discussion for the delimitation of the eastern and southern borders of Afghanistan, headed by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, to Kabul.In fact, their goal was to consolidate their dominance over the border areas and strategic passages in this region, which they finally achieved (Ghobar: 1995, Page: 80).The Durand Line was drafted in seven articles, and according to Article 4, it was demarcated by the Joint Board.As a result of this agreement, the provinces of Swat, Bajaur, Chitral, Arendavi, Waziri, Davar, Chaki and Chaman provinces were separated from Afghanistan.Thus, the Durand Line was imposed based on the doctrine of the Lardensdon scientific frontier policy and India's advance that British troops should occupy Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar by their military forces at the earliest opportunity if the Russians invade, because the British considered this line the scientific frontier.Britain pledged to renew the Pact for the Defense of Afghanistan in the event of foreign aggression, which Griffin had previously promised to the Emir.British India imposed the Durand Treaty on November 12, 1893, to Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, who did not have accurate information on the geographical location of all areas east of the Durand Line (Habibi, 1969, Page: 111) In addition, the geographical map of these areas, which was annexed to the treaty, had not been carefully studied, so important points such as grass, noushki, etc. fell into the hands of the British (Habibi, 2010, Page: 34).

Durand imposed border
The word imposed is a term of political geography and refers to the kind of boundaries that have arisen as a result of international politics (Mohammadi, 2017, Page; 78).The

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz
-679-demarcation of the Durand Line was, in fact, the third attempt by the British Indian authorities to separate Afghanistan (Paikar Pamir, 2014, Page 53).In 1893 and following the treaties of Lahore, Peshawar, Kandahar and Gandmak, according to which Afghanistan has its largest lands along with the most famous regions and cities including Kashmir, Deirajat, Sindh, Baluchistan, Peshawar, Quetta and the most important strategic areas and crossings (Khyber valleys)., Bolan and Cream) lost.Both sides (Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, King of Afghanistan and the British) were trying to gain some areas that were not yet under British rule, such as Chitral, Swat, Banir, Bajaur and Kunar.Amir Abdul Rahman Khan also undertook a series of actions, including the capture of Asmar, Vangchegi, and the intention to capture Bajaur, which was met with a reaction from the British, who, in order to pressure him, carried out a series of provocative actions, such as occupying Chitral and concentrating forces in Swat.Banir and Bajaur confiscated weapons and ammunition purchased by Amir Abdul Rahman Khan in Europe.These actions soured relations between the two sides until Amir Abdul Rahman Khan agreed to travel to the British embassy.The British delegation headed by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand (Indian Foreign Affairs Adviser) traveled to Kabul on October 2, 1893, and the talks were held under pressure and threats from the British and with fear and suspicion from Amir Abdul Rahman Khan.All in all, the result of his trip was the signing of another infamous treaty, the Durand Line, which again separated other parts of Afghanistan from the previous treaties.The fact was that Amir Abdul Rahman Khan at that time did not agree with the transfer of areas still under Afghan control, such as the strategic areas of Chitral and Swat, Bunir, Bajaur, Chaman and Waziristan, and the signing of the treaty in general, but British pressure and threats on the one hand and Feelings of losing the monarchy, on the other hand, forced him to sign the treaties.

The Role of British India in drawing the Durand Line
Despite the emergence of the solid state of Afghanistan, Britain was dissatisfied with the way things were going because it wanted to control the two main axes of Kandahar -Quetta and Kabul -Peshawar, which led from Afghanistan to India.Hence, during the two wars of 1842-1839 and 1880-1878, Britain sought to impose its influence on the Afghan tribes (Political and International Studies, 1991, Page: 67).In 1888, when Lord London was appointed Viceroy of India, with the arrival of the new Viceroy, British policy towards Afghanistan changed somewhat and introduced a new element in British policy towards Afghanistan, known as (scientific frontier policy).The aim of this policy was that in the event of a Russian threat, the British would be able to occupy the Kabul, Ghazni and Kandahar lines, which they considered to be the Indian border, by military forces in a short period of time.Previously acquired, they also took control of other border areas.This policy naturally coincided with Amir Abdul Rahman Khan's plan to expand Afghanistan's borders to the east before the demarcation of the border, and after negotiations with the country, an agreement on Afghanistan's eastern and southern borders, from WA khan to the Iranian border, became known as the Durand Line.Found closed between the two countries.Under the terms of the agreement, Afghanistan waived Waziristan and Chaman, in exchange for British approval that the Kunar Valley as far as Asmar and Birmel in Waziristan were part of Afghanistan, and the two sides agreed to demarcate the site by delegations.In the face of all this, the Afghan side of the British government only agreed to increase financial aid to the government of Amir Abdul Rahman Khan (Haqjoo, 2001, Page: 163-164).The Durand Line and the deprivation of Afghanistan of open waters seemed to be a plan that Britain was consciously pursuing.In this way, the British had a powerful lever that made Afghanistan completely dependent on them, because their connection with the outside world passed only through India (Sadat, 2017, Page: 176).

The Role of Russia and India in Drawing the Durand Line
The Russians and the Indian government both pursued the same goal: to keep Afghanistan and Pakistan at bay, to weaken both Muslim countries, and to dominate the region and seek expansion.The Russians had presented a plan to India, which, as a result of their help and the endless policies of the Afghan leaders, would one day devour both countries, and then part of Pakistani territory would be ceded to India, and they would occupy part of it.In the middle they create a region called Pashtunistan and the Durand Line as a buffer state.Of course, what the Russians wanted to do under this name in Afghanistan did not work out (Haqshanas, 1984, Page: 386).

Consequences of the Durand Line
The most important part of Afghanistan's political strategy in the last half century has been the issue of Pashtunistan and the Durand Line, and since 1893, and especially after the creation of Pakistan, the Durand Line has remained a key word of the Afghan government's foreign policy.It is very difficult for Afghanistan to accept the Durand Line Treaty, which caused the loss of half of the Pashtun territories and two-thirds of the country's largest ethnic population, as well as the loss of Balochistan, which today makes it inaccessible to the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean except through Pakistan.Therefore, this treaty has not been accepted by any of the regimes that have come to power in Afghanistan so far, from the monarchy to the republic and the Marxist regime (Arjumand, 2008, Page: 4) (Fayaz, 2008, Page: 230).According to the Durand fact, Afghanistan was permanently deprived of its maritime border and became a landlocked country (Saadat, 2017: 171).It must be acknowledged that the negative effects and consequences of the Durand Line in the history of Afghanistan are many, some of which are briefly mentioned here.

The Political Effects and Consequences of the Durand Line
Every change in a country's natural geography has a variety of effects on various aspects, including the political life of that country.Throughout history, most political and military conflicts have a geographical origin, and if the authorities do not pay serious attention to the existing geographical facts during the delimitation, those areas will become sensitive and turbulent political and military points (Kalinz, 2000, Page: 78).In view of these facts, the demarcation of Afghanistan's borders, which is the result of the interventions and rivalries of the two powers, Britain and Tsarist Russia, in the region, has many political consequences for this country.The Durand Line Agreement, in fact, separated the Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan, who had lived for centuries within a political geographical area of Afghanistan, and created many problems for them, thus infuriating the Afghan government and people.So that after the British colonial withdrawal from the Indian subcontinent and the creation of two states, India and Pakistan, this border line was not recognized by Afghanistan Because Afghanistan saw the demarcation of its southern borders as a result of colonial military and political pressures, it believed that the Durand Line was a contract that defined British influence in the Indian subcontinent, not Afghanistan's permanent border with Pakistan.These areas were considered as the border between British India and Afghanistan (Haqjoo, 2001, Page: 164).Pakistan, on the other hand, recognizes the Durand Line as an international border, claiming that the border has been approved by Afghanistan on several occasions and is still recognized as an international border by other countries.

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz
-682-Of course, the Pakistani government ostensibly considers the Durand Line to be resolved.But inwardly, Afghan governments have always sought to formally recognize this line as the international border between the two countries.
Today, Pakistan is committing many destructive acts in Afghanistan so that the Afghan government can never stand on its own two feet as a powerful country.One of these measures is the establishment of the Taliban.

The Economic Effects and Consequences of the Durand Line
Both in the past and now, whenever relations between the two countries on the Durand Line deteriorated, Pakistan used a very effective tactic, which was to impose sanctions on the exports of Afghanistan.The increase in customs tariffs, which played an important role in destabilizing Afghanistan's economic situation, made Afghanistan more dependent each time (Hamdard, 2017, Page: 82).theDurand Line had many negative consequences for Afghanistan, as a result of the successive invasions of the British, Tsarist Russians and Qajar governments, cities and provinces of Afghanistan were occupied and separated from Afghanistan.The free lands were connected, it became a landlocked country.Prior to that, Afghanistan had seaports and flourished its trade with foreign countries through the Indus and Amu rivers.The document was coming and going (Farkh, 1992, Page: 110).Thus, Afghanistan becoming a landlocked country dealt a severe blow to its trade.The country's fertile areas were cut off by foreigners, and Afghanistan relied on more transit trade through the port of Karachi, which occasionally stalled due to strained relations between the two countries, Afghan goods, especially fresh fruit exports at the border.It caused severe damage to Afghan traders.As a result of Pakistan's restrictions on the transit of Afghan goods, Afghanistan turned its attention to ports in the north and west of the country after 1950, thus reducing transit trade through Pakistani ports to some extent (Farhang, 1995, Page: 35).

The effects and Socio-Cultural Consequences of the Durand Line
There is no doubt that the establishment of the Durand Line separated the surrounding tribes, who had lived together for centuries without hindrance, and restricted their freedom of movement.Because this border has separated a large part of the people of the same race, language and culture, it has been criticized by the previous governments of Afghanistan and many experts.For more than a hundred years, despite significant social changes in neighboring countries, the tribal organization among the various Pashtun tribes has remained intact.Strict tribal customs, including (Pashtunwali) and ethnic groups, have deprived the inhabitants of these areas of their most basic human rights (Rahimi and Haqpana, 2011, Page: 33).These tribes have ruled the country for more than a thousand years as guardians of the laws and customs, and they can not give the slightest answer to the needs of the present age.Women are not present in any field.Terrible poverty and The lack of security has also severely damaged the livestock, which is the main occupation of these people.Half of the young people are spent in the war and the other half are wandering between Kabul and Karachi.Areas encountered (Barna Salehi, 2013, Page: 106).The complexity of ethnic relations in Afghanistan is not something that other societies have not experienced.This has more to do with the level of social and economic development of any country.It has extended the pursuit of the country's armed opposition to the depths of the neighboring country, and has extended the need for tolerance to tribal traditions and tribal leadership models to the state level.This has led to the preservation of ethnic and linguistic sensitivities among other ethnic groups living in the country.It should not be assumed that the only ethnic difference is between Pashtuns and other ethnic groups.This difference between other ethnic groups can be seen to some extent.One of the main plans of the Hamid Karzai government and the international community was to dismantle various centers of power in the country and strengthen the central government.On the other hand, spending the country's reconstruction budget on war and bribing tribal leaders has hurt the feelings of those tribes living in peaceful areas that are in a very deplorable state of reconstruction, and has allowed the ethnic power-seeking commanders to re-infiltrate has constructed (Aryanfar, 2006, 58, Page: 58)

CONCLUSION
Afghanistan's borders have shrunk with international developments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and with the death of Ahmad Shah Abdali and in the succeeding years with the decline of the power of the Saduzai and Mohammadzai dynasties which is remarkable Large parts of the country in northern and southern Afghanistan have been established as a result of geopolitical games between the two colonial powers of Britain and Tsarist Russia.The advance of the Tsarist Russians in the hope of reaching warm waters from the north, and the policy of British advance from the east to Afghanistan, clashed the strategic interests of both powers.Thus, in order to preserve its resources and block Russian influence (which was rapidly spreading to Afghanistan), Britain established Afghanistan's borders to the north, east, southwest, and northwest with Russia, Iran, and British India.The creation of the Durand Line, which dates back to the nineteenth century, was the result of a rivalry between Britain and Russia in the (Great Game) over influence and power over the land between the Sea of Amo in the north and Sindh in the south, which resulted in ceding Afghanistan's territory to British India as an area under British influence.With the decline of the peripheral empires of Afghanistan (Britain and Russia) and the emergence of new governments, a new round of border disputes and claims began, and new issues arose in relations between neighbors that have often been part of Afghanistan's history.In order to maintain its territorial integrity and prevent the formation of a cohesive state in Afghanistan, which seeks to fulfill its claims to its territory, Pakistan has made extensive efforts to establish or weaken a protected state.The government in Afghanistan has made the undefined state of the southern and eastern borders allow Pakistan to use it as a strategic weapon against nationalist governments in Afghanistan, which supports and intensifies political instability in Afghanistan.Afghanistan, global and comprehensive insecurity, destruction of Afghanistan's development infrastructure, systematic assassinations of Afghan leaders, destruction of antiquities and looting of Afghan assets, etc.

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz
-684-According to this research and historical evidence, we conclude that:  The Durand Line Treaty of 1893, signed between British India and the then Emir of Afghanistan, Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, was signed by the British as a personal treaty to determine their sphere of political influence, not as a treaty between two governments. The Durand Line Treaty is not just an agreement, but a series of different agreements (for example: the Treaties of 1893,1905,1919,1921)  There were many problems with the first Durand Line Treaty, so British India negotiated with each emir in person, until finally, with the independence of Afghanistan in 1919, the Kabul Treaty was first signed between the two governments.Arrived and annulled all previous treaties. Under the Durand Line Charter, the boundary set is a hypothetical boundary and has never been marked as complementary. The Emirs and all the governments of Afghanistan (monarchy, republic, communist, mujahideen, Taliban, and today's elected governments) never officially recognized the Durand Line as their border  After British India and the emergence of Pakistan, so far all claims made by Pakistan in accordance with international conventions on the Durand Line, Afghanistan can legally challenge all claims. The southern and eastern borders of Afghanistan, as seen on the map today, are quite different from the maps outlined in the Durand Line and are not the result of any agreement. Historically, the tribes living along this line were not citizens of India even in British India, and these tribal borders were occupied by force only to prevent Afghan political and military influence for the Great Game, which is why The British always faced war and resistance on these borders.The general conclusion of the above discussion is that national and sensitive issues, such as the Durand Line Treaty, which has a long history, should be separated from the country's political conflicts and different political tastes, and keeping in mind the national interests, such discussions should be assigned to the academics, intellecutals and experts to use it strategically for the country at the international level.

Fayaz
that the border dispute between the two countries over the Durand Line and the Pashtunistan region, which means Afghanistan claims one-third of Pakistan's territory, has made Pakistan intensely concerned over India-Afghanistan proximity and Pakistan's loss of strategic depth in Afghanistan.On the other hand, Pakistan has seen the establishment of a strong central government and security in Afghanistan as a serious threat to its territory and has always sought the support of militant and extremist groups in the country.that strained Pakistan-Afghanistan relations have fueled border disputes in Pashtun tribal areas more than ever, But the settlement of the Pashtun people in the northern regions of Pakistan and the subsequent Pakistani intervention and influence across the Durand Line lead the nationalist Pashtuns in Afghanistan to become one and united inside Afghanistan.

Fayaz
century, this distance was reduced to less than a few hundred miles and in parts of the Pamirs to less than 20 miles.The limited territory of these two empires took on a more realistic color in the form of the land of Afghanistan(Hapkerk, 2000, Page; 19)

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The border between British India and Afghanistan (Source: Afghanistan Encyclopedia) (Although historian Mohammad Hassan Cocker states that he saw the original version of the Durand Document in English and emphasizes that this document is not a treaty but an agreement because the treaty is translated into English as the Treaty and the Durand document is called the Agreement.Secondly, the Emir of Afghanistan did not sign this document at all)(Pason, 2007: Page  205-206).September 1893, Sr. Henry Martmer Durand, Secretary of State for British India and Head of the Negotiating Committee of the British Government of India, signed an agreement with Amir Abdul Rahman Khan to define Afghanistan's eastern and southern borders with British India, known as the Durand Line and the Durand border.But protests by governments and some Afghan rulers over the agreement, following the independence and partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan, sparked a rift between Afghanistan and Pakistan, better known as the Durand Line(Andishmand,2007, Page: 2).The Durand Line begins at 2,430 km northeast of the Click Valley to the northeast and extends to the Black Mountain Mountains to the southwest, which now forms the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.As a result of the Treaty of Durand, Chaman, Peshin, Waziristan, Karam, Parachinar, Afridi, Bajaur, Swat and Chitral were separated from Afghanistan and annexed to British India (present-day Pakistan)(Azimi, 2011, Page: 49).By drawing this line, the British wanted to prevent the influence of Amir Abdul Rahman Khan among the tribes, because the British also feared the unification of all Pashtun tribes, because after Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Panipat and the time of his successor Shah, he wanted to conquer India and expel The British feared that India would not be threatened by the Himalayas because it was a natural obstacle, and by sea the British navy, which at the time dominated the seas and oceans(Mubariz, 2013, Page: 26).Thus, after Pakistan's independence in 1947, when areas beyond the Durand Line became part of Pakistan as tribal autonomous regions; the line has never been recognized as an officialFayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Ihsan Ullah Ihsan, Mohammad Shafiq Hafiz-680-border between Afghanistan and Pakistan by Afghanistan, as well as some prominent parties across the Durand Line (National Awami Party and Pashtun Party).According to this plan, the lands that had previously been provided to the British Indians by the kings of Afghanistan through the Tripartite Pacts, Jamrudawal and II, Gandmak and Durand, now belong to Pakistan.In such a case, the then Afghan government claimed that it did not recognize the Durand Line and that areas beyond the Durand Line were part of Afghanistan.To resolve the issue legally, a referendum was held in 1947 to ask Pashtun people across the Durand Line to join India or Pakistan(Sadat, 2017, Page: 252).The Afghan government objected that the Afghanistan option should be added to the referendum along with the India-Pakistan option(Clifford, 1989, Page: 207).That is why in September 1947, when Pakistan applied for UN membership, Afghanistan was the only country that opposed Pakistan's membership due to the lack of official recognition of the areas beyond the Durand Line(Mazlomyar, 2015, Page: 153).
. In general, Afghanistan's claims to Pashtunistan based on logic are as below: 1. Historical: Historically, the people on the other side of the Durand Line have always been ruled by Afghanistan, which was forcibly usurped by the British.2. Legal: The Durand Line was signed between Afghanistan and Britain, not Afghanistan and Pakistan, because Pakistan did not exist at that time.3. Racial and cultural: The people on the other side of the Durand Line are Pashtuns and have blood and racial ties to the Afghan Pashtuns in power, and they must join their races and languages in the western part of the Durand Line (Warsaji, 2002, Page: 186-187).These claims caused tensions and tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan, so that each of the two countries to support their two goals and based on the strategy they pursue to support two different currents of thought in Pashtunistan, which are the tendency of Islam.Deobandi's Salafism, accompanied by a Salafi interpretation of Islam in the last three decades, and the current of Pashtun nationalist identity In fact, Pakistan's strategic goals are beyond the Durand Line (Farzan, 2010, Page: 576).Pakistan's response was negative when Afghan leaders raised the issue of Pashtunistan and the invalidity of the Durand Line.Thus, from the first days of Pakistan's birth, a kind of distrust, suspicion of pessimism this country and Afghanistan began, focusing on the issue of Pashtunistan and the Durand Line, which continues to this day, and this issue over time became one of the main sources of production.The crisis has become in the region, especially in Afghanistan (Sadat, 2017, Page: 252).The demarcation of the Durand Line in 1893 and the political separation of the Pashtuns and Baluchs along the southern border with British India later posed the greatest political challenge in Afghanistan's relations with the newly established country (Pakistan) since 1947 (Muradi, 2011, Page: 250-251).

Fayaz
the lack of schools, have flooded thousands of children and adolescents from backward, Pashtun areas to Pakistan's Deobandi schools, providing manpower for the Taliban and al-Qaeda.

Table 1 .
Research literature on Afghanistan's borders and the Durand Line

Table 2 .
The limits of Afghanistan's borders with neighboring countries