The Conjugation of Pashto Compound Verbs

Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of verbs – Transitive verb, intransitive verb and Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most of the verbs has two roots (present and Past). According to structure, we have three types of verbs: simple verbs (as, root+suffix: ʣ + ə m → ʣəm, χwr+ə m → χ wr ə m → z ə ɖ o ɖə́ i χ wr ə m.) derivative verbs (as, article+root+suffix: r ɑ+ʁ+əi → r ɑ́ʁəi → ahm á d r ɑ́ʁəi), and compound verbs (as, root+root+suffix: χ por + ked ə́ l → [after changes of conjugation] χ p ə red ə́ l → wra ʣ p ə́ɳ a χ par á ʃ wa.). As well as, there are four categories of auxiliary verbs, as follow: “ لدېک /ked ə́l/”, “ لوش / ʃ w əl/”, “ لو /w ə l/, لوک /kaw ə́l/” and “ لړک /k ɽəl/”. Hereby, conjugation of verb in Pashto varies according to Number, Gender and Person. Meanwhile, both parts of compound verbs conjugate in which only one-part conjugates. Generally, the end of compound verbs is conjugated by the suffix according to the mentioned categories.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. Gerund is just verb's name but it is not a verb for example: eating (‫/خوړل‬χwaɽəĺ/), dirking (‫/څښل‬ʦxəĺ/) … so the subject and time are unknown in here it's just verb name in other word it just denominates a verb. On the other hand, verb specify the subject and time of an action; like: I'm eating (‫/خورم‬χwrəḿ/), I'm drinking(‫/څښم‬ʦxəḿ/) in here our subject is the first person and time of happing is present progress. Another issue which made disagreement between our grammar teachers and grammars books is gerund. Most of grammarian consider gerund as a verb maker or basis of the verb, truly it is a deferent story, in fact infinitival (ing) (‫/ل‬əl/) combining with root and makes gerund (Ziar, 2015: 184). Accordingly, when gerund originated from root exactly other verbs originate form root not from gerund.

Types of Verb: Syntactic Verbs
Intransitive verb: When a verb doesn't have any object it's called in intransitive verb; it means the verb is done only by the subject, and the verb conjugation for the subject in past tense and present tense. I have written this line because in transitive verbs the verb conjugation to the object, however there in no object in intransitive verbs so the verb should be conjugation to the subject.
Mohammad Saber Khweshkai synonymized the intransitive verbs' definition and he said "when a verb conjugation for the first element of sentence in present tense and past tense or the verb accordance to the first element it is called intransitive verb." First element means subject. Let's see intransitive verb examples: I go ‫ځم(‬ ‫/زه‬zə ʣəm/) I went ‫الړم(‬ ‫/زه‬zə lɑ́ɽəm/) In above examples verb in past and present tense conjugation for the subject.
Transitive verb: When a sentence has object furthermore subject and verb; and verb conjugation for the subject in present tense but in past tense it conjugations for object. For example: I eat the food. Present tense ‫خورم(‬ ‫ډوډۍ‬ ‫/زه‬zə ɖoɖəí χwrəm/) I ate the food. Past tense ‫وخوړه(‬ ‫ډوډۍ‬ ‫/ما‬mɑ ɖoɖəí wə χwáɽa/) In above examples at present time verb is conjugation for the subject ‫)زه/‪(I‬‬ and in past tense it is conjugation for the object (food/‫/ډوډۍ‬ɖoɖəí/) Hukmi Transitive verb: Those verbs which have no accordance with any element of sentence at past time, but it changes the first element (subject) as transitive verb does. It means hukmi transitive verb has no connection with its subject (Khweshkai, 2015: 4). Like: Running (‫/دانګل‬dɑngəĺ/), laughing (‫/خندل‬χandəĺ/), crying (‫/ژړل‬ʒaɽəĺ/), dancing (‫/نڅل‬naʦəĺ/), coughing (‫/ټوخل‬ʈuχəĺ/) … in below examples: I was laughing. ( ‫خندل‬ ‫/ما‬mɑ χandəĺ/) I was crying. ( ‫ژړل‬ ‫/ما‬mɑ ʒaɽəĺ/) You were laughing. ‫خندل(‬ ‫/تا‬tɑ χandəĺ/) You were crying. ‫ژړل(‬ ‫/تا‬tɑ ʒaɽəĺ/) Here both verb have connection with the subject. That is to say, this classification is according to the verb meaning, most of grammar writers categorizing verb according to its meaning in type of verb category but Pro. Mojawer Ahmad Ziar categorized under the syntactic topic, truly he is right; because a sentence can say whether there is a subject or not?
In compound verbs the doer and receiver of an action (subject and object) is one person. Like above examples.
Derivative verbs: About compound verbs we quote some lines from Pashto contemporary grammar book "derivative verbs are those verbs which made from one root and its basis is only one root and an affix, it means when an affix join with a root it gives a sense or meaning. In other word, according to the meaning and message of an affix it is part of root and we can't separate from root; so if we separate it from root it will lost its original meaning and the meaning will change. Like below examples: ‫راغلل‬ /rɑ́ʁləl/, ‫درغلل‬ /dáraʁləl/, ‫/ورغلل‬wáraʁləl/, ‫راتلل‬ /rɑtləĺ/, ‫/درتلل‬dartləĺ/, ‫ورتلل‬ /wartləĺ/, ‫کښېناستل‬ /kxenɑstəĺ/, ‫ايستل‬ ‫کښې‬ /kxeistəĺ/, ‫کول‬ ‫/پورې‬porekawəĺ/, ‫ايستل‬ ‫پورې‬ /poreistəĺ/… (Khweshkai, 2016: 172).
In short, I can say that derivative verb is made from an affix and root, so this affix is inseparable from root like above examples.
These kind of verbs are combination of one lexical element and an axillary verb, in other word, the basis of these verbs is made from two or more morphemes (Ziar, 2015: 194). To rephrase it, these verbs are made from two part usually in creating compound verbs the axillary verb has main role. This combination has three type; In above examples both part of verb is conjugation for the predicate, and we lost first consonant of axillary verb. If we don't lose the first consonant; so if we don't lose the first consonant it will conjugation for predicate according to Number and Gender, like:

Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal
‫کېږي.‬ ‫سپک‬ ‫کار‬ /kɑr spək kéɣi/ ‫کېږي.‬ ‫خپره‬ ‫ورځپاڼه‬ /wraʣpɑ́ɳa χpará kéɣi./ In above examples the verb has accordance with the first element (subject) according to Number and Gender. In past progressive tense it is being conjugation in " ‫/کېدل‬kedəĺ/" format for example: To emphasis, all of these verbs are passive verb.
In above sentences the verb is conjugation for the subject, because happening at present time and the verb is transitive; so in past time the verb will be conjugation for the object.
In past progressive these verbs conjugation like present for example: To remind, If the first part of these verbs have finished with the vowel, so the first part doesn't have any conjugation and the second part (helping verb) conjugation regularly in "‫/کو‬kawə" form at present tense and past progressive tense; but at recent past, distant past, simple past and other past tenses it conjugation with "‫/کړ‬kəɽ" form. For example: All of these verbs are active transitive verbs.
In above sentences at present tense first part of compound verb is conjugation for male subject both singular and plural similar in one format; but for female subject it is conjugation according to gender and number. Like, being killed "‫/وژله‬waʒəĺa/, ‫وژلې‬ /waʒəĺe/", and the helping verb is conjugation according to predicate. Now, the first part killed ‫"وژل"‬ is okay in one format for female subjects or plural male subjects as I mentioned in above examples.
This kind of verbs at all past tenses aspect from past progressive tense it conjugation with the help of "‫/شول‬ʃwəl/" helping verb (Khweshkai, 2007: 111).

Zia Ul Islam Shirani, Lalkhan Minapal, Shafiqullah Amirzay
-337-you ate "‫/وخوړ‬wəxoɽ", and so on. We have two type of root, first present root like eat ‫)خور(‬ and second past root like ‫,)خوړ(‬ so this two root together complete conjugation of one verb. Future tense doesn't have specific root so it uses present root." (Shinwari, 2016: 194).
As we realize that we have two type of root, now I will explain type of verb based on root; based on root we have two type of verb.
A: Those verbs which don't change their root in past tense and present tense.

Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal
Dissention: The type of verb and conjugation are explained, Pashto language and literature learners should know the conjugation and usage of verbs; if they don't have knowledge they will make mistakes. we talked about verb and compound verb very well, so we understood what is verb and how many kinds does it has. Before it was not regulated now it is regularized and writers will not make mistakes like they will not conjugation a masculine verb for a female subject. Some Pashto language grammarian has researched about it, but in some places their opinions were different, in here, the best way have chosen. Clearly we classified the noun and verb in regular category. Of course, this research has done under the other researches lighting.

CONCLUSION
Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. Based on syntax we have three kind of verb:1) Intransitive verb: When a verb doesn't have any object it's called in intransitive verb; 2) Transitive verb: When a sentence has object furthermore subject and verb; and verb conjugation for the subject in present tense but in past tense it conjugations for object; 3) Hukmi Transitive verb: Those verbs which have no accordance with any element of sentence at past time, but it changes the first element (subject) as transitive verb does. It means hukmi transitive verb has no connection with its subject. According to the verb structure has three type, simple verbs, derivative verbs and compound verbs. simple verbs are those verbs which created form one morpheme root and conjugational suffix joined with it. derivative verbs are those verbs which made from one root and its basis is only one root and an affix, it means when an affix join with a root it gives a sense or meaning. Verbs which are made by the help of axillary verbs specially "‫/کړل‬kɽəl/ and ‫/شول‬ʃwəl/" are compound verbs.
Type of verb based on root: Root is the basis of verbs, like eat (‫/خور‬χwr/) and ate (‫/خوړ‬χoɽ/); I eat (‫/خورم‬χwrəm/), we eat (‫/خورو‬χwru/), you eat (‫/خورې‬χwre/)… and I ate ( ‫و‬ ‫خوړ‬ /wəχoɽ/), you ate ‫وخوړ(‬ /wəχoɽ/), and so on. We have two type of root, first present root like eat (‫/خور‬χwr/) and second past root like (‫/خوړ‬χoɽ/), so this two root together complete conjugation of one verb. Future tense doesn't have specific root so it uses present root. In conclusion, we have explained what was important in Pashto grammar, and we have tried to find and explain the best data.